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In sport, there is extensive evidence that supports the benefits associated with a mastery climate. However, limited studies have explored how physical tools could be used to promote mastery climates in youth sport contexts. Using an action research approach, we sought to understand the benefits and drawbacks of applying tools grounded in goal setting to promote a mastery environment: (a) an "arm sleeve" to be worn by athletes during training and matches and (b) a "reflection sheet" for use pre- and posttraining/-matches. These tools were implemented for a 3-week period with a U13 academy team (18 players and two coaches). Based on observation notes, focus groups, and one-on-one interviews, the analysis showed that the arm sleeves were helpful reminders for process goals, whereas the coaches had abandoned the use of reflection sheets due to lack of time. The benefits and drawbacks of the tools are discussed while pedagogical and practical implications are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competitive sport involves physical and psychological stressors, such as training load and stress perceptions, that athletes must adapt to in order to maintain health and performance. Psychological resilience, one's capacity to equilibrate or adapt affective and behavioral responses to adverse physical or emotional experiences, is an important topic in athlete training and performance. The study purpose was to investigate associations of training load and perceived sport stress with athlete psychological resilience trajectories. Sixty-one collegiate club athletes (30 females and 31 males) completed self-reported surveys over 6 weeks of training. Athletes significantly differed in resilience at the beginning of competitive training. Baseline resilience differences were associated with resilience trajectories. Perceived stress and training load were negatively associated with resilience. Physical and psychological stressors had a small but statistically significant impact on resilience across weeks of competitive training, indicating that both types of stressors should be monitored to maintain athlete resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to optimise performance prediction in short-course swimming through Principal Component Analyses (PCA) and multiple regression. All women’s freestyle races at the European Short-Course Swimming Championships were analysed. Established performance metrics were obtained including start, free-swimming, and turn performance metrics. PCA were conducted to reduce redundant variables, and a multiple linear regression was performed where the criterion was swimming time. A practical tool, the Potential Predictor, was developed from regression equations to facilitate performance prediction. Bland and Altman analyses with 95% limits of agreement (95% LOA) were used to assess agreement between predicted and actual swimming performance. There was a very strong agreement between predicted and actual swimming performance. The mean bias for all race distances was less than 0.1s with wider LOAs for the 800 m (95% LOA −7.6 to + 7.7s) but tighter LOAs for the other races (95% LOAs −0.6 to + 0.6s). Free-Swimming Speed (FSS) and turn performance were identified as Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in the longer distance races (200 m, 400 m, 800 m). Start performance emerged as a KPI in sprint races (50 m and 100 m). The successful implementation of PCA and multiple regression provides coaches with a valuable tool to uncover individual potential and empowers data-driven decision-making in athlete training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An athlete's training aims to achieve the highest possible sports results by improving physical dispositions which lead to cardiac adaptive changes. The annual training cycle is divided into periods. The preparatory period begins with gradually increasing training intensity and volume until the competitive period occurs, when the athlete's maximum performance is expected. Finally, the athlete enters a phase of loss of fitness, which is called detraining. Detraining is a time of resting both physically and mentally from the training regime and usually lasts about 4 weeks for endurance athletes. We collected data from much research on athletes' detraining. According to these data, the earliest change after detraining seems to be a decrease in left ventricular wall thickness and left ventricular mass, followed by decreased performance parameters, diastolic diameter of the left ventricle and size of the left atrium. A reversal of adaptive changes affects the left heart chamber first, then the right atrium and, finally, the right ventricle. Training reduction is often proposed as a method of differentiating an athlete's heart from cardiomyopathies. The aim of this study is to consider the diagnostic value of detraining in differentiating athletes' hearts from cardiomyopathies. We suggest that detraining cannot be conclusive in differentiating the disease from adaptive changes. Although a withdrawal of the characteristic morphological, functional and electrocardiographic changes occurs in healthy athletes during detraining, it can also concern individuals with cardiomyopathies due to the lower expression of abnormal features after decreased training loads. Therefore, a quick diagnosis and individual assessments using imaging and genetic tests are essential to recommend a proper type of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the use of an improved random forest regression algorithm (RFRA) to predict the total score of powerlifters. The paper collected the age, weight, and total score of multiple powerlifters, and then used an improved RFRA to build a predictive model. The parameters of this model are optimized by a differential squirrel search algorithm. The experimental results show that our proposed method can effectively predict the total score of powerlifters with an error of less than 10%, which can provide a reference for experts and athletes before training or competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To assess body composition by means of BOD POD in the large cohort of Italian Olympic athletes of many sport disciplines (studied at the same time), and to provide possible reference values for body composition in elite athletes. Methods: 1556 elite athletes, who took part in the selection procedure for the 2016 Rio Olympic Games for the National Italian Olympic Committee (CONI), were retrospectively studied. Body composition was determined using air plethysmography-based BOD POD. Results: We observed that Fat Mass (FM) and Fat-free Mass (FFM) should be considered as two mutually independent domains in elite athletes. By performing Principal Component Analysis, we defined two independent main domains (respectively, representing FM and FFM), which presented different trends according to gender and static or dynamic exercise load. Lastly, we reported possible reference values for FM index and FFM index, respectively, representing the largest contributors to FM domain and FFM domain, and calculated as FM or FFM (kg)/height (m2). Conclusions: Our findings might provide a basis to optimize the practical approach to body composition in athletes, highlighting the importance of considering indicators of fat mass and lean mass "simultaneously" and not specularly, according to different sport disciplines as well. Moreover, these data might contribute to standardize reference values for body composition in elite athletes, with a view to potentially helping to monitor and guide training regimens, prevent related detrimental practices and plan cardiometabolic prevention and rehabilitation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable devices in sports have been used at the professional and higher collegiate levels, but not much research has been conducted at lower collegiate division levels. The objective of this retrospective study was to gather big data using the Catapult wearable technology, develop an algorithm for musculoskeletal modeling, and longitudinally determine the workloads of male college soccer (football) athletes at the Division III (DIII) level over the course of a 12-week season. The results showed that over the course of a season, (1) the average match workload (432 ± 47.7) was 1.5× greater than the average training workload (252.9 ± 23.3) for all positions, (2) the forward position showed the lowest workloads throughout the season, and (3) the highest mean workload was in week 8 (370.1 ± 177.2), while the lowest was in week 4 (219.1 ± 26.4). These results provide the impetus to enable the interoperability of data gathered from wearable devices into data management systems for optimizing performance and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute altitude has a relevant impact on exercise physiology and performance. Therefore, the positive impact on the performance level is utilized as a training strategy in professional as well as recreational athletes. However, ventilatory thresholds (VTs) and lactate thresholds (LTs), as established performance measures, cannot be easily assessed at high altitudes. Therefore, a noninvasive, reliable, and cost-effective method is needed to facilitate and monitor training management at high altitudes. High Alt Med Biol. 25:94–99, 2024. Methods: In a cross-sectional setting, a total of 14 healthy recreational athletes performed a graded cycling exercise test at sea level (Munich, Germany: 512 m/949 mbar) and high altitude (Zugspitze: 2,650 m/715 mbar). Anaerobic thresholds (ATs) were assessed using a novel method based on beat-to-beat repolarization instability (dT) detected by Frank-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. The ECG-based ATs (ATdT°) were compared to routine LTs assessed according to Dickhuth and Mader. Results: After acute altitude exposure, a decrease in AT was detected using a novel ECG-based method (ATdT°: 159.80 ± 52.21 W vs. 134.66 ± 34.91 W). AtdT° levels correlated significantly with LTDickhuth and LTMader, at baseline (rDickhuth/AtdT° = 0.979; p < 0.001) (rMader/AtdT° = 0.943; p < 0.001), and at high altitude (rDickhuth/AtdT° = 0.969; p < 0.001) (rMader/AtdT° = 0.942; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Assessment of ATdT is a reliable method to detect performance alterations at altitude. This novel method may facilitate the training management of athletes at high altitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Study Aim. It is well known that neuromuscular electrostimulation and plyometric exercises positively influence the gain of explosive force in the lower limbs. The combination of plyometric method and electrostimulation begins to gain a positive trend, being included in the modern training of athletes due to the important gain of explosive force. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of combining plyometric and electrostimulation methods in specific training for the development of lower limb muscle strength in long jumpers. Material and Methods. The study was conducted on 15 women's long jump athletes, age category 18 years ± 1,622, with an average weight of 50.80 kg ± 3,932, height of 165.87cm ±3,292 and foot plant of 39.00 ±1,254. The group carried out the experimental training program for a duration of 12 weeks, with means specific to the two methods, three times a week, lasting 60 minutes. It was assessed: horizontal speed on the last 10m of the run up, 1 RM (a maximum rep for a squat); vertical jump; flight time and performance achieved in the competition. The maximum repetition for a squat was tested with the GykoRePower system, the vertical jump was determined with the OptoJump Next system, and the performance in the test was recorded during the competition. The vertical jump, the average value of power used to develop the explosive force and the length of the jump were evaluated. The recorded data on the muscle profile of the subjects were analyzed with the SPSS statistical analysis program Results. The statistical analysis performed with T-student obtained significant differences between the two tests of the experiment group (p ≤ 0.001): 1RM registers a progress of 10.476 kg with a progress rate of 18.07%, optimal load registers a progress of 3.627 kg with a progress rate of 8.93%, vertical jump achieves a progress of 4.567 cm with a progress rate of 16.09% with a flight time progress of 0.03833 s with a progress rate of 7.39%, and the speed on the last 10 m of run up progresses by 0.5234 s with a progress rate of 6.79%. Subjects recorded a progress for competition performance of 36.467 cm compared to the initial test with a progress rate of 8.50%. Conclusions. The research results are objective arguments that highlight that a specific training based on combining plyometric method with electrostimulation determines significant improvements in the development of explosive force of the lower limbs in long jumps with positive effects on sports performance for long jumpers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of aerobics competition, it is necessary to evaluate the training and performance of athletes and coaches with real-time data. However, traditional data recording methods have some limitations, such as relying on manual recording or being limited by the number and location of sensors. The research aims to use light sensors and machine learning techniques to develop an application that can detect, record and simulate aerobics competition data in real time. The movement trajectory and posture information of athletes are captured by light sensors, and the data is analyzed and simulated with the help of machine learning algorithms to provide more accurate and comprehensive competition data. The light sensor can accurately detect the posture and movement of the human body, and transmit the data to the computer through the data transmission module. The sensor data is processed and analyzed using machine learning algorithms, which are trained to recognize specific movements and postures and compare them to preset criteria. The results show that athletes and coaches can obtain real-time competition data through the application, and analyze and feedback to improve the accuracy of training effect and performance evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional coaches need to rely on experience and intuition to adjust athletes' movements and postures, which has the problems of strong subjectivity and unstable effects. In this paper, an image optical processing method based on artificial intelligence is proposed to realize the adaptive adjustment of aerobics athletes. The research uses the image optical processing technology to collect and analyze the movement of athletes in the training process and extract the key movement parameters. Then, combined with artificial intelligence algorithm, the extracted action parameters are analyzed and compared, so as to achieve accurate evaluation and adjustment of athletes' actions. Finally, the adjustment plan is applied to the training of athletes, and through real-time monitoring and feedback mechanisms, the athletes' movements and postures are continuously adjusted and optimized. Through experiments and practical applications, the system can accurately determine the movements and postures of athletes, and provide corresponding adjustment plans based on the actual situation. Compared with traditional manual adjustments, the system has higher accuracy and stability, which can effectively improve the technical level and performance ability of athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressure training (PT) strategically increases pressure in training to prepare athletes to perform under pressure. Although research has studied how to create pressure during training, PT's effectiveness may depend on more than creating pressure. A practitioner's delivery of sport psychology interventions can moderate their effectiveness, so the current study explored perspectives of sport psychologists and athletes on the characteristics of effective PT delivery in applied settings. Eight international-level athletes and eight sport psychologists participated in semistructured qualitative interviews in which they described their experience participating in or conducting PT, respectively. Thematic analysis produced four themes relating to effective delivery: (a) collaboration with athletes and coaches: "with," not "to"; (b) integration into training; (c) upfront transparency; and (d) promoting learning before and after PT. The themes provide guidance for planning, conducting, and following up on PT sessions in applied settings. The best practices discussed could increase athletes' receptiveness to PT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports effect evaluation is the main module of modern information construction. To improve the accuracy of sports effect evaluation and enhance the training level of athletes, this paper aims to conduct in-depth research on sports effect evaluation based on feature selection under the background of big data. Firstly, a sports evaluation system is designed based on the Window Presentation Foundation (WPF) that adopts a Client–Server (C/S) mode. The overall architecture of the system is proposed by expounding the functional modules and the schema of information tables in the database. To assess the impact of sports, the data mining algorithm and big data analytics technique called Random Forest (RF) is used as the core evaluation system. With the help of information gain, feature selection is performed, based on which decision trees are constructed by generating branch nodes. The random forest is created by combining all the decision trees, which helps in improving the generalization. The proposed method is experimentally verified and it is found that the overall stability of the effect evaluation system is good and it effectively improves the efficiency and accuracy of sports effect evaluation, thus enhancing the level of athletes' training. The proposed sports effect evaluation method performs excellently in the experimental validation, as seen by the remarkable F1 Score of 85.32%, average accuracy of 84.28%, precision of 86%, and recall of 82.28%. In comparison, this performs noticeably better than current approaches, proving its improved efficacy in assessing the effects of sports and confirming its ability to improve athlete training proficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the motion recognition system, the motion track of athletes can be obtained in real time and accurately by using the light motion capture technology, which provides strong support for the training and competition of athletes. The purpose of this study is to explore the application of light motion capture technology based on multi-mode sensor in badminton players' motion recognition system, so as to improve the athletes' training effect and competitive level. In this paper, multi-modal sensors combined with light motion capture technology are used to obtain real-time athletes' motion data through sensors installed on athletes, and the data is analyzed and processed by algorithms. The position of athletes is tracked by optical sensors to obtain their motion trajectory. The research results show that the light motion capture technology based on multi-modal sensors can accurately identify the movement posture and action of badminton players, real-time monitoring of athletes' movement status, and provide timely feedback and guidance. Through the application of sports recognition system, the training effect of athletes has been significantly improved, and the competitive level has been effectively improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to propose a table tennis target detection (TD) method based on deep learning (DL) and multi-scale feature fusion (MFF) to improve the detection accuracy of the ball in table tennis competition, optimize the training process of athletes, and improve the technical level. In this paper, DL technology is used to improve the accuracy of table tennis TD through MFF guidance. Initially, based on the FAST Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (FAST R-CNN), the TD is carried out in the table tennis match. Then, through the method of MFF guidance, different levels of feature information are fused, which improves the accuracy of TD. Through the experimental verification on the test set, it is found that the mean Average Precision (mAP) value of the target detection algorithm (TDA) proposed here reaches 87.3%, which is obviously superior to other TDAs and has higher robustness. The DL TDA combined with the proposed MFF can be applied to various detection fields and can help the application of TD in real life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The completion degree of sports training can not reach the corresponding standard, and the training effect will be greatly weakened. In order to improve the effect of sports training, the evaluation method of sports training completion degree based on deep residual network is studied. The image collector based on ARM is used to collect the action images of athletes in sports training, and the collected action images are preprocessed based on spatial scale filtering and regression factors. Construct a depth residual network, learn the implicit relationship between athletes' state and the dynamic change process of sports training actions through off-line training, and train the model; In the online application process, the preprocessed action images will be input into the trained evaluation model to evaluate the athletes' sports training action completion in real time. At the same time, residual shrinkage unit and attention mechanism are used to optimize the depth residual network, which improves the training efficiency and evaluation performance of the network. The experimental results show that this method has good evaluation performance under the condition of setting parameters, and can effectively improve the effect of physical training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure both optimal health and performances, monitoring physiological and psychological states is of main importance for athletes. It is well known that monitoring heart rate variability and using validated questionnaires is useful for monitoring both the health and training status of athletes of different sports. Motorsports such as rally require high levels of physical and mental preparation thus information about psychophysiological status of rally athletes is fundamental. The aim of this study was to assess the autonomic regulation, stress, recovery conditions of one driver and one co-driver competing at the Italian National Rally Championship during their competition period. Heart rate variability parameters, acute recovery and stress states were assessed the day before, during the two days of race and the day following the races. Results showed that driver and co-driver had a sharp decrease of mean RR intervals, root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats, and standard deviation of the N-N interval during race days, while the stress index showed the inverse trend, and this behaviour was clearly visible in the Poincaré plots and power spectrum density graphs. The acute recovery and stress states questionnaire showed significant differences in recovery and stress scoring for the driver but not for the co-driver, although the trends were similar. This study describes the psychophysiological demands of a rally competition period suggesting that a daily evaluation of heart rate variability, recovery, stress states is useful for monitoring health status in rally athletes and could be implemented to make decision about training and recovery strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present theoretical aspects of the study of biomechanics in athletics, which is essential for performance optimization, injury prevention, and improvement of athletes' capabilities. This study contains various research directions in athlete biomechanics as well as biodynamic modeling and simulation in athletics. Finally, aspects of athlete training design and optimization are presented, which are essential for tailoring training programs to the individual needs and goals of athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a compilation of research articles in the field of psychology and sports. The articles cover various topics such as the effects of natural environments on self-control, the impact of auditory rhythm on motor timing, and the use of innovative technologies in athlete training. Other articles explore the relationship between sports motivation and physical self-conception in female adolescents, the effects of yoga on relaxation and serving accuracy in volleyball players, and the role of effort and motivation in adolescent athletes. Additionally, the document discusses the risk-taking behavior of rock climbers and the effects of acute training on executive function in college students. The articles provide valuable insights and practical implications for athletes and coaches. Another study in the document focuses on the relationship between coaching styles and athlete perceptions. Male and female student athletes emphasized the importance of the coaching relationship and provided insights into favorable and unfavorable coaching styles. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the emotional aspects of athletics and the impact of coaching on athletes. The article also highlights the significance of different coaching styles, with favorable styles being caring, constructive, and knowledgeable, while unfavorable styles are characterized by coaches who are perceived as not caring, degrading, and negative. Overall, the document emphasizes the importance of understanding the coach-athlete relationship and the implications of different coaching styles. [Extracted from the article]

The worldwide popularisation of running as a sport and recreational practice has led to a high rate of musculoskeletal injuries, usually caused by a lack of knowledge about the most suitable running technique for each runner. This running technique is determined by a runner's anthropometric body characteristics, dexterity and skill. Therefore, this study aims to develop a motion capture-based running analysis test on a treadmill called KeepRunning to obtain running patterns rapidly, which will aid coaches and clinicians in assessing changes in running technique considering changes in the study variables. Therefore, a review and proposal of the most representative events and variables of analysis in running was conducted to develop the KeepRunning test. Likewise, the minimal detectable change (MDC) in these variables was obtained using test–retest reliability to demonstrate the reproducibility and viability of the test, as well as the use of MDC as a threshold for future assessments. The test–retest consisted of 32 healthy volunteer athletes with a running training routine of at least 15 km per week repeating the test twice. In each test, clusters of markers were placed on the runners' body segments using elastic bands and the volunteers' movements were captured while running on a treadmill. In this study, reproducibility was defined by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and MDC, obtaining a mean value of ICC = 0.94 ± 0.05 for all variables and MDC = 2.73 ± 1.16° for the angular kinematic variables. The results obtained in the test–retest reveal that the reproducibility of the test was similar or better than that found in the literature. KeepRunning is a running analysis test that provides data from the involved body segments rapidly and easily interpretable. This data allows clinicians and coaches to objectively provide indications for runners to improve their running technique and avoid possible injury. The proposed test can be used in the future with inertial motion capture and other wearable technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for outcome prediction after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Published scoring systems contain duplicative or conflicting elements. Infants ≥36 weeks gestational age (GA) with moderate to severe HIE, therapeutic hypothermia treatment, and T1/T2/diffusion-weighted imaging were identified. Adverse motor outcome was defined as Bayley-III motor score <85 or Alberta Infant Motor Scale <10th centile at 12 to 24 months. MRIs were scored using a published scoring system. Logistic regression (LR) and gradient-boosted deep learning (DL) models quantified the importance of clinical and imaging features. The cohort underwent 80/20 train/test split with fivefold cross validation. Feature selection eliminated low-value features. A total of 117 infants were identified with mean GA = 38.6 weeks, median cord pH = 7.01, and median 10-minute Apgar = 5. Adverse motor outcome was noted in 23 of 117 (20%). Putamen/globus pallidus injury on T1, GA, and cord pH were the most informative features. Feature selection improved model accuracy from 79% (48-feature MRI model) to 85% (three-feature model). The three-feature DL model had superior performance to the best LR model (area under the receiver-operator curve 0.69 versus 0.75). The parsimonious DL model predicted adverse HIE motor outcomes with 85% accuracy using only three features (putamen/globus pallidus injury on T1, GA, and cord pH) and outperformed LR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Boxing, a globally popular combat sport, demands technical precision and powerful strikes at the same time. The kinetic assessment of straight punches, specifically the rear cross and lead jab, is crucial for understanding the biomechanical factors influencing punch effectiveness. This study aims to explore the kinetic properties of these punches in trained boxers, focusing on punch force, acceleration, and the concept of a proximal-to-distal pattern. Methods: Thirteen advanced-level male boxers (body weight 90.6 ± 19.2 kg, height 184.0 ± 7.4 cm, experience 9.5 ± 6.5 y) from local clubs participated in this study. Using a force plate and wireless IMU sensors, we recorded punch force and limb acceleration during the execution of rear-cross and lead-jab punches. Data analysis involved statistical tests to compare the kinetic differences (Mann–Whitney U-test) between the two punch types and assessment of the influence of body mass and training tenure on punch effectiveness (multiple regression analysis). Significant differences were observed between the rear cross and lead jab in terms of total ground reaction force ( x ¯ = 1709.28 N vs. x ¯ = 1176.55 N), acceleration of the fist ( x ¯ = 94.33 m/s2 vs. x ¯ = 66.07 m/s2), forearm ( x ¯ = 67.11 m/s2 vs. x ¯ = 41.62 m/s2) and arm ( x ¯ = 88.40 m/s2 vs. x ¯ = 81.36 m/s2), and target contact time ( x ¯ = 0.03 s vs. 0.02 s). The rear-cross punch exhibited higher kinetic values, indicating greater effectiveness. Additionally, body mass and training tenure were identified as significant factors influencing punch force (R2 score = 0.640). Conclusions: This study confirmed the biomechanical superiority of the rear cross over the lead jab in terms of generated force among trained boxers. The findings highlight the importance of coordination between each segment's acceleration to generate a powerful strike. These insights are valuable for coaches and athletes in optimizing training strategies for boxing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Strength and conditioning experts widely recognize the dynamic strength index (DSI) as a tool for assessing an athlete's ability to utilize strength in dynamic actions. The DSI is calculated as the ratio of peak force in dynamic actions versus isometric ones. To date, the influence of fatigue on the DSI is still not fully understood. This study aimed to explore the effects of both dynamic and isometric fatigue tasks on the DSI. Methods: A total of 24 physically active participants underwent fatigue tests involving repeated countermovement jumps (dynamic) and repeated isometric mid-thigh pulls (isometric) in separate visits. Results: The results revealed a marked drop in performance, with dynamic force showing a more significant reduction (p < 0.001; d = 1.57) than isometric force (p = 0.015; d = 0.30). After the isometric fatigue task, the DSI increased, indicating a more substantial decline in isometric force (p < 0.001; d = 1.75) compared to dynamic force (p = 0.313; d = 0.08). Following this trend, the DSI decreased post-dynamic fatigue (p < 0.001; d = 0.99) and increased post-isometric fatigue (p < 0.001; d = 3.11). Conclusion: This research underscores the need to consider fatigue's task-specific effects on the DSI, enabling more tailored training methodologies for athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Judo is a dynamic and complex sport, and therefore talent programs may benefit from a multidimensional approach to identify clear and reliable performance characteristics in order to monitor and train athletes. However, from both a practical and theoretical point of view, understanding on this topic is limited. This systematic review therefore aimed to (1) identify which multidimensional performance characteristics can discriminate between different performance levels of judoka and (2) find the gaps in literature. To categorize the findings the Groningen Sport Talent Model (GSTM) was applied. A systematic search of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. In total 23 studies with good to excellent methodological quality were included. All performance characteristics of the GSTM (anthropometrical, physiological, technical, tactical, and psychological) were represented in the included studies. There is strong evidence to suggest that a broad set of physiological characteristics is needed to manage the demands of judo combats. Additionally, there is strong evidence that performance characteristics related to grip fighting discriminate between judoka of different performance levels and higher performance level judoka are characterized by the ability to throw their opponent and to variate in technique. The findings of this review can be used as a basis for talent development and identification in judo, and to optimize training programs. Future research should focus on increasing the understanding of psychological characteristics of judoka and the multidimensional talent trajectory by conducting longitudinal studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the ideal training load to be applied during periods of fixture congestion to ensure an adequate doseresponse effect for performance maintenance. Methods: Match performance data and corresponding pre-match training load sessions (both N = 498 match performance cases and training-block session cases) were collected (with the catapult system, VECTOR7) from 36 male professional soccer players (23.5 ± 5.2 years; 178 ± 4 cm; 75.5 ± 6.0 kg) belonging to the Brazilian First Division team during the 2022 season. The following data were collected in match and training sessions: jump, acceleration, deceleration, and change of direction (COD); running distance producing metabolic power at different intensities (>20, >20-35, >35-45, >45-55, and >55 W kg-1), total distance (m), relative distance (m/min), running distance at different speeds (>20, >25, and >30 km/h), number of sprints (running >25 km/h), and maximum speed (km/h). Mixed linear model (MLM), decision tree regression (DTR), and cluster K means model (SPSS v.26) approach were performed to identify the most critical variables (and their respective load) in the training sessions that could explain the athlete's match performance. Results: MLM and DTR regression show that training load significantly affects game performance in a specific way. According to the present data, an interference phenomenon can occur when a high load of two different skills (running in a straight line vs COD, deceleration, and jumping) is applied in the same training block of the week. The cluster approach, followed by a chi-squared test, identified significant associations between training load and athlete match performance in a dose-dependent manner. Discussion: The high load values described here have a beneficial effect on match performance, despite the interference between stimuli discussed above. We present a positive training load from a congested season from the Brazilian First Division team. The study suggests that an interference effect occurs when high physical training loads are applied to different specific physical skills throughout the season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes across various sports seek to enhance their power generation and force production by incorporating weightlifting exercises into their training. Therefore, integrating partial weightlifting movements could be sensible due to their simplified execution. Our research aimed to investigate which of four attentional focus strategies (external, internal, holistic, and neutral) would have the greatest impact on performance in terms of power variables for highly experienced weightlifting athletes in a practical training setting. Twelve highly skilled Olympic weightlifters volunteered for the study. They performed 48 single repetitions of the hang power snatch with each of the four attentional focus strategies. Results of the ANOVA did not reveal a significant main effect for maximum velocity, power measurement and displacement. Despite extensive research demonstrating how attentional focus affects performance differently, even among highly skilled populations, the lack of observed effects in our study underscores the challenges of conducting research in applied settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Injury in sport is an inherent risk to participation, and it can have devastating consequences for the athlete, both mentally and physically. Previous research has found that impairments in well-being can increase the risk of injury, and that various forms of mindfulness training and practice can improve well-being and mental health in various populations. Hypothesis: Mindfulness would be associated with greater well-being and lower risk of injury. Study Design: Cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 21 female Division I athletes underwent a formal 6-week mindfulness training program and were encouraged to continue mindfulness exercises. The athletes completed daily surveys on their smartphones in relation to mood, muscle readiness (soreness), readiness to train, energy level, daily training load, and whether they had participated in mindfulness training that day. Linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate well-being variables and mindfulness state, and separate mixed effects logistics regression models were used to evaluate injury incidence and wellness variables. Results: On days with mindfulness practice, athletes reported higher mood (19.6 [18.8-20.3] vs 19.4 [18.6-20.1, P = 0.03), muscle readiness (18.9 [17.8-20.0] vs 18.6 [17.5-19.6], P = 0.03), readiness to train (78.7 [75.9-81.5] vs 77.4 [74.7-80.2], P < 0.01), and energy level (19.3 [18.6-20.1] vs 18.8 [18.1-19.5, P < 0.01) than on the days when they did not participate in mindfulness training. Mindfulness practice was associated with significantly reduced likelihood of suffering an acute injury the following day (odds ratio, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.42-0.43; P < 0.01). Conclusion: On an individual level, participation in mindfulness by female collegiate athletes was associated with a dramatic reduction in injury risk the following day. In addition, mindfulness was associated with significantly improved mood, muscle readiness, readiness to train, and energy level. Clinical Relevance: These findings suggest that mindfulness training in athletes may improve well-being and reduce the risk of injury among high-level athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention is a key success factor in elite sports. Mindfulness training is suspected to be a determinant of attention. The present study was a wait-list controlled investigation of the effects of a mindfulness-based sport psychology program on sustained and selective attention in young elite athletes (n = 137) and the effects of mindfulness training dosage on improving attention scores. In addition, long-term effects were examined. Selective and sustained attention were assessed in a pre–post design using the Frankfurter Aufmerksamkeits-Inventar 2, a go/no-go task. The results of this study indicate that the Berlin Mindfulness-Based Training for Athletes improved both sustained and selective attention in young athletes and that more training in the same amount of time resulted in higher scores in the assessment. The data also indicate that students who continued to practice independently after the intervention had higher scores in the long-term measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Quantifying the effort of a sport confrontation by determining its temporal structure is of concern to the scientific community. In breaking this has not yet been sufficiently studied. The objectives of the study were to longitudinally analyze the temporal and sequential parameters of male breaking battles to determine the evolution of these parameters and to establish a model of temporal structure. All Red Bull BC One dancers from 2011 to 2021 (n = 152 dancers) participated. By using observational methodology, all battles were analyzed (n = 142). To obtain the results, we employed different analysis techniques: descriptive, normality tests, Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney, one factor ANOVA or Kruskall-Wallis and effect size (Cohen's d or Hedges' g). The significance level established for the study was ρ ≤ 0.05. The results define the temporal and sequential structure of the battles. With these, breaking professionals will be able to develop precise and adequate training for these athletes. We conclude that approaches to dancing and battling have evolved. The effort that the athlete must exert is increasing and will therefore require better preparation to cope with the physical demands required for a sport that will be incorporated into the Olympics program in 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musculoskeletal injuries are a common health problem among sporting populations. Such injuries come with a high financial burden to the involved organisations and can have a detrimental impact on the career attainment of injured individuals. Force plates are now a common tool available to sport and exercise science and medicine professionals to enable them to profile injury risk predisposition and modulate the rehabilitation process within sporting environments. This is because contemporary force plate technology is portable and affordable and often comes with software that enables the automatic and immediate feedback of test variables to key stakeholders. However, to our knowledge, to date, there has been no comprehensive review of the scientific literature pertaining to clinical applications of force plate technology. Therefore, this article presents a protocol and a methodological framework to perform a scoping review to identify and map the available scientific literature in which force plates have been applied to the injury profiling and rehabilitation of athletes. The specific aims of the scoping review are 1) to identify and describe the force plate tests, methodologies, and metrics used to screen for injury risk and guide the return of injured athletes to full-time training and competition, 2) to identify potential trends and/or differences by participants' age, sex, and/or level of performance in tests, methodologies, and metrics selected, and 3) to identify key gaps in the existing evidence base and new questions that should be addressed in future research. The global aim of the scoping review is to improve practitioner decision-making around force plate test and variable selection when applied to the injury prevention and rehabilitation of sporting populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A critical step in understanding and preventing running-related injuries (RRIs) is appropriately defining RRIs. Current definitions of RRIs may not represent the full process of injury development, failing to capture lower levels of injury that many athletes continue to train through. Understanding runners' description and management of the injury development process may allow for a more appropriate examination of all levels of injury. This study aimed to examine recreational runners' description and management of the injury development process. Methods: A qualitative focus group study was undertaken. Seven semi-structured focus groups with male (n = 13) and female (n = 18) recreational runners took place. Focus groups were audio and video recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were reflexively thematically analysed. A critical friend approach was taken to data coding. Multiple methods of trustworthiness were executed. Results: Runners describe injury on a nine-level continuum, ranging from injury-free to career-ending injury. There are lower and higher levels of injury. Each level of injury is described across four categories of descriptors; physical description, outcome (effect on running and daily life), psychological description, and management. Conclusion: The Running Injury Continuum is a tool that can be used for injury surveillance (for healthcare professionals and researchers) and for research investigating RRI risk factors. Healthcare professionals, researchers and coaches must ensure they monitor the development of all levels of RRIs, across all categories of descriptors. Runners need to be educated regarding appropriate self-management strategies for lower level injuries, with access to evidence-based information being a critical management tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yang X, Ji Y, Ke D, Li F. Research on the methods and means of action strength training in aerobics training. Lu S. Scientific research and training satisfaction evaluation analysis of postgraduates in science and engineering colleges based on big data. [Extracted from the article]

This paper explores the innovative integration of dance culture application modeling within the context of basketball, with a dual emphasis on sports science and enterprise applications. The convergence of dance and basketball offers a unique opportunity to enhance player performance, promote physical conditioning, and facilitate dynamic teamwork.In sports science, the infusion of dance-inspired exercises and routines into basketball training regimens has proven instrumental in enhancing athletes' agility, coordination, and balance. These fundamental attributes are essential for basketball players to excel in dribbling, shooting, and defensive maneuvers. Furthermore, dance culture application modeling contributes to optimal physical conditioning, bolstering cardiovascular endurance and muscular strength, and basketball players maintain peak performance levels throughout the game. Beyond the court, the marriage of dance and basketball presents exciting prospects for enterprises within the sports industry. Team cohesion and motivation are vital for success, and dance culture modeling fosters teamwork, synchronization, and camaraderie among players. Such attributes translate into better on-court performance and contribute to a more marketable and engaging sports product. This approach can be a potent tool for branding, fan engagement, and marketing initiatives within the basketball ecosystem. Additionally, dance culture application modeling can play a pivotal role in injury prevention and rehabilitation, safeguarding players' physical well-being and prolonging their careers. It also offers a refreshing avenue for player wellness during off-seasons and recovery periods. This abstract showcases the promising intersection of dance culture application modeling with basketball, transcending conventional training methodologies. Through its amalgamation of sports science and enterprise applications, it not only elevates player performance but also enhances the appeal and viability of basketball as a dynamic and marketable sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) is being employed not only in businesses, entertainment, and academia but also in sports training to raise the level of competition among athletes. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are the brains of modern AI, and this paper examines their application in sports training's load prediction with the hope of improving athletic performance, creating scientifically efficient training programs, and increasing the accuracy of training load forecasts. First, a sports training analysis system based on Browser Server (B/S) is constructed, and the overall structure, specific function modules, and database of the system are designed and introduced. Then, the artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA)-based prediction and modeling approach of sports training's load is applied. To put it more specifically, we obtained a comprehensive index of joint acceleration in sports training by using data acquisition devices such as sensors. The independent variable in the load prediction is defined by the computational results, which are combined with other relevant features to obtain the load characteristics of sports training. The initial weights and thresholds of the ANN are optimized with the help of AFSA. To produce the final prediction result, the optimized ANN and extracted load characteristics are coupled with the prediction equation. The prediction model is applied to the sports training analysis system for realizing the application of training load prediction. Experiments show that the methods proposed in this paper can effectively improve the accuracy and efficiency of sports training and load prediction, improve the effect of athletes' training, and thus enhances the level of sports competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is focused on the study of the electrical remodeling of the "athlete's heart" using multichannel ECG mapping to make a more detailed and informative analysis of the excitation of the myocardium remodeled by sport activity. The study of the heart electrical activity was carried out from 64 unipolar electrodes on the thorax surface synchronously with standard limb leads in highly trained cross-country skiers (n = 15) and young non-trained men (n = 19) at rest. The amplitude-temporal and spatiotemporal characteristics of the electric field of the heart were measured. By the typical distribution of areas of the negative and positive cardiac potentials, the durations of depolarization and its individual phases were estimated. ECGII was used to determine the duration of the R-R, PQ (PR), QRS, QT, QTc intervals; in the unipolar lead V5 the R-wave peak time (RWPTV5) was measured. In athletes, the duration of PQII, QTII, QTcII, RWPTV5 intervals were statistically significantly longer than in non-trained men. Analysis of the electrical field of the heart showed a difference in the ratio of the phases of ventricular depolarization in athletes and non-trained individuals at rest. The onset of ventricular depolarization and the first inversion of cardiac potential in athletes were significantly earlier than in non-trained people, while the completion and total duration of the period of ventricular depolarization did not differ. In skiers, the duration of the first inversion was significantly longer than in non-trained individuals; a tendency to shortening of the second period of stable location of potentials on the thorax surface was also shown. The use of surface ECG mapping made it possible to reveal differences in the spatiotemporal organization of heart ventricular depolarization between cross-country skiers and non-trained men at rest. The results of the study may be useful in the analysis of the electrical remodeling of the heart in athletes training the physical quality of endurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Scapular dyskinesis is a common problem in athletes, especially overhead sports such as volleyball and basketball. The biomechanical and neurocognitive impairments are involved in the occurrence of the scapular dyskinesis. Based on previous studies about the whole-body vibration (WBV) effects on the athletes training, musculoskeletal injuries and neuromuscular responses, the current study focused on the investigation immediate effectiveness of WBV on neurocognitive parameters (reaction time and anticipatory skill) in overheads athletes with and without scapular dyskinesis. Methods: Thirty athletes with (n = 15) and without (n = 15) scapular dyskinesis participated in this interventional-observational study. The WBV applied with 30 Hz frequency and 5 mm amplitude in the modified push-up position in two groups. The scapular dyskinesis and neurocognitive parameters were recorded by the Caliper test and the Speed Anticipation Reaction Time (SART) system. Results: The Caliper measurement in three positions of arm significantly reduced after the WBV in the athletes with scapular dyskinesis (P < 0.005). The auditory complex choice reaction time significantly declined after the WBV between two groups (P = 0.042). Also, there was a correlation between the visual complex choice reaction time and 0 degree of abduction in both groups (P = 0.022). Conclusion: The WBV in the modified push-up position has immediately positive effects on neurologic and cognition skills in athletes with and without scapular dyskinesis. Based on these findings, WBV may have good potential for improved outcomes such as neurocognitive abilities and correction of scapular dyskinesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The concept of altitude training became popular among human athletes following the 1968 Olympic Games, at which African runners were particularly successful. Culminating from these observations was the concept that during exercise training, local tissue hypoxia is an important adaptive stress for muscle that ultimately leads to superior physiological adaptations and enhanced endurance performance. The application of the concept of hypoxic training to the Thoroughbred horse is new, and now, with purpose-built hypoxic chambers, there has been a growing interest in its use in equine training programs. This paper provides a comprehensive discussion on the physiological impacts of hypoxic training, its benefits to endurance performance, and a rationale for utilizing it to improve performance in the equine athlete. All exercise-induced training adaptations are governed by genetics. Exercise prescriptions can be tailored to elicit the desired physiological adaptations. Although the application of hypoxic stimuli on its own is not ideal to promote favorable molecular responses, exercise training under hypoxic conditions provides an optimal environment for maximizing physiological adaptations to enhance endurance performance. The combination of exercise training and hypoxia increases the activity of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway compared to training under normoxic conditions. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is known as a master regulator of the expression of genes since over 100 genes are responsive to HIF-1α. For instance, HIF-1-inducible genes include those critical to erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, and glucose transport, all of which are intergral in physiological adaptations for endurance performance. Further, hypoxic training could conceivably have a role in equine rehabilitation when high-impact training is contraindicated but a quality training stimulus is desired. This is achievable through purpose-built equine motorized treadmills inside commercial hypoxic chambers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomarkers have emerged as valuable tools in the realm of elite sports, providing objective measures of athletes' physiological responses and potential for performance optimization. This article review delves into the significance and implications of biomarkers in elite sports, emphasizing their crucial role in supporting athletes' training, recovery, and overall success. The integration of biomarkers offers unprecedented opportunities for evidence-based decisions, personalized strategies, and injury prevention, revolutionizing the landscape of elite sports. Through comprehensive literature review and analysis, this article highlights the tremendous promise of biomarkers in optimizing athletic performance while also addressing the ethical considerations surrounding their implementation. As research continues to advance, biomarkers are poised to reshape the future of elite sports, enhancing performance and paving the way for the next generation of sporting legends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the rapid development of the sports industry has led to increasing attention on complex sports scenes such as basketball and soccer. One of the challenges in these scenes is tracking athletes in motion. To address this issue, we used a large dataset of images captured by a perception visual system as our training data. In this paper, we focus on tracking athletes in complex sports scenes such as basketball and soccer, and propose a tracking model that incorporates a target search attention mechanism and integrates saliency heat maps for feature extraction and target information integration. Our proposed SeaVit method significantly improves tracking performance compared with existing discriminative correlation filter (DCFbased) techniques. Our experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms existing methods in both precision and real-time performance. With an average distance precision (DP) of 80.5, our proposed tracker outperforms other trackers, achieving the highest DP value. Our study has broad practical applications. In the future, our method can be embedded in visual sensors and applied to athlete training, which helps to improve the effectiveness of athlete training and competition performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cognitive-Motor Dual Task (CMDT) training has been widely utilized in rehabilitation and sports practice. However, whether CMDT training can better enhance athletes' cognitive-motor performance compared to traditional single-task (ST) training remains unclear. Method: A systematic review that complied with PRISMA was carried out (Prospero registration number: CRD42023443594). The electronic databases used for the systematic literature search from the beginning through 13 June 2023, included Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library. After obtaining the initial literature, two researchers independently assessed it based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, the included literature was analyzed to compare the differences between ST training and CMDT training. Results: After screening 2,094 articles, we included 10 acute studies and 7 chronic studies. Conclusion: This systematic review shows that athletes typically show a degradation of performance in CMDT situations as opposed to ST when evaluated transversally. However, this performance decline is notably reduced following longitudinal training in CMDT, indicating the effectiveness of sustained CMDT training in enhancing cognitive-motor performance under dual-task conditions. Our study provides new insights into the application of CMDT in the field of sports training. Practitioners can utilize CMDT to assess athletic skill levels or optimize cognitive-motor performance of athletes, taking into account the specific needs of each sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Jumping ability is one of the necessary qualities for athletes. Previous studies have shown that plyometric training and complex training including plyometrics can improve athletes’ jumping ability. With the emergence of various types of complex training, there is uncertainty about which training method has the best effect. This study conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of plyometric-related training on athletes’ jumping ability, to provide some reference for coaches to design training plans. Methods: We systematically searched 3 databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) up to July 2023 to identify randomized controlled trials investigating plyometrics related training in athletes. The two researchers conducted literature screening, extraction and quality assessment independently. We performed a network meta-analysis using Stata 16. Results: We analyzed 83 studies and found that complex training, which includes high-intensity intervals and plyometric exercises, was the most effective method for improving squat jumps (SURCA = 96%). In the case of countermovement jumps a combination of electrostimulation and plyometric training yielded the best results (SURCA = 97.6%). Weightlifting training proved to be the most effective for the standing long jump (SURCA = 81.4%), while strength training was found to be the most effective for the five bounces test (SURCA = 87.3%). Conclusion: Our current study shows that complex training performs more efficient overall in plyometric-related training. However, there are different individual differences in the effects of different training on different indicators (e.g., CMJ, SJ, SLJ, 5BT) of athletes. Therefore, in order to ensure that the most appropriate training is selected, it is crucial to accurately assess the physical condition of each athlete before implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The stability of the flight phase in ski jumping is crucial for athletes' performance and safety. This study aims to investigate the influence of unfavorable conditions on aerodynamic characteristics and flight stability through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations. Methods: The ski jumper and the skis are considered a multi-body system. A detailed three-dimensional (3D) model of this multi-body system under a commonly observed posture during flight is established. The Partially Averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) turbulence model is employed, and CFD simulations are conducted to predict the aerodynamic characteristics of the multi-body system under lateral environmental wind and asymmetric postures during the flight phase. The conditions of asymmetric postures include yaw rotation and roll rotation. Results: (1) Lateral environmental wind generated a yaw force, yaw moment, and roll moment, which influenced the lift, drag, and pitch moment of the athlete. These forces and moments were relatively small at lower wind speeds (less than 3 m/s) and became more significant at higher wind speeds (greater than 4.5 m/s). (2) Under the influence of yaw rotation or roll rotation, the multi-body system exhibited a noticeable yaw force, yaw moment, and roll moment, all showing a monotonic increasing trend. Moreover, they had a significant impact on the lift, drag, and pitch moment of the multi-body system. Conclusion: (1) The influence of unfavorable conditions was complex, resulting in a significant yaw force, yaw moment, and roll moment on the multi-body system. The adverse effects of roll rotation were generally greater than those of yaw rotation. (2) The multi-body system exhibited self-stabilizing tendencies in yaw and roll. This phenomenon can provide a solution to maintain flight stability by employing appropriate yaw or (and) roll rotation angles, effectively compensating for or even eliminating the adverse effects of lateral environmental wind. (3) Understanding the mechanisms of how unfavorable conditions affect aerodynamic characteristics and stability during flight in ski jumping can provide valuable assistance for real-time prediction and decision making during competitions, as well as scientific guidance for training athletes' stable flight control and techniques for improving their sport performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: An injury can significantly harm both individual and team performance. One of the most important risk factors for sports-related injuries, especially non-collision injuries, is fatigue. It seems that poor proprioception may play an essential role to impose athletes to further injuries. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effectiveness of fatigue on the repositioning sense of the lower extremity joints. Method: The electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were systematically searched from inception to 11January 2024. The obtained records were exported to the EndNote Software version 8. Then, two investigators examined the records independently to find eligible studies based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. In the case of disagreements, a consequence method was utilized. The quality of the eligible studies was evaluated using the Downs and Black checklist. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software ver. 3 software was used for statistical analysis. Q-test and I2 were employed to examine the data homogeneity. In addition, considering the risk of bias, the Funnel Plot and trim-and-fill method were used. Results: After reviewing the titles and abstracts of 3883 studies found in the selected databases, 43 articles were found to be eligible to include in meta-analyses. The results showed that fatigue led to a significant increase in the active absolute error of the knee (SDM = 0.524, 95% CI = 0.406–0.841), ankle in the horizontal plane (SDM = 0.541, 95% CI = 0.367–0.715), ankle in the sagittal plane (SDM = 0.443, 95% CI = 0.088–0.798), and hip (SDM = 0.988, 95% CI = 0.135–1.841). However, fatigue had no significant effects on the passive absolute error of the knee and ankle in horizontal plane and relative angular error of the knee. Conclusion: Fatigue can diminish the active joint position sense of the lower extremities and thus may increase the risk of injury by reducing proprioception. Therefore, future research could be conducted to investigate the potential impact of integrated fatigue-mitigating exercises into athletes' training programs, with the aim of reducing the incidence of sports-related injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Banister impulse-response (IR) model was designed to predict an athlete's performance ability from their past training. Despite its long history, the model's usefulness remains limited due to difficulties in obtaining precise parameter estimates and performance predictions. To help address these challenges, we developed a Bayesian implementation of the IR model, which formalises the combined use of prior knowledge and data. We report the following methodological contributions: 1) we reformulated the model to facilitate the specification of informative priors, 2) we derived the IR model in Bayesian terms, and 3) we developed a method that enabled the JAGS software to be used while enforcing parameter constraints. To demonstrate proof-of-principle, we applied the model to the data of a national-class middle-distance runner. We specified the priors from published values of IR model parameters, followed by estimating the posterior distributions from the priors and the athlete's data. The Bayesian approach led to more precise and plausible parameter estimates than nonlinear least squares. We conclude that the Bayesian implementation of the IR model shows promise in addressing a primary challenge to its usefulness for athlete monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]